We are thrilled to introduce our latest addition to the team, Bao Truong. Bao is currently pursuing his PhD at UKE/Universität Hamburg in Hamburg, Germany, where he will focus on studying snake distribution and snakebite envenoming in Vietnam.

Bao has been working as a researcher at the Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University in Hue, Vietnam. He is dedicated to promoting awareness of snakes and snakebites, which is important for improving the knowledge of snakebite burden in Vietnam.

His PhD objective is to analyse the distribution of venomous snakes, the risk of snakebite envenoming, and public attitudes towards snakes in Vietnam to improve the prevention and management of snakebite envenoming in Vietnam.

We’re excited to have Bao join our team! His expertise and motivation are a valuable asset, and we look forward to the positive contributions he will make to our work.

Scientific conferences are crucial for the global exchange of knowledge and promote the collaboration needed to make progress in the treatment of snakebite envenoming. This networking contributes directly to the rapid dissemination of innovative approaches and their adaptation to local needs. The exchange at such events is an essential contribution to achieving the WHO goal of halving deaths from snakebites by 2030.

In August, our working group presented the results of its research on snakebite envenoming at two conferences. From 5^th to 9^th of August, Dr Jörg Blessmann and Bao Truong attended the 10^th World Congress of Herpetology in Kuching, Borneo Island, Malaysia. Dr. Blessmann chaired two sessions and additionally presented on  ‘Infection after snakebite envenoming – experience in Laos and a review of the literature’ and  on ‘Treatment of snakebite envenoming with small molecule therapeutics – what is in the pipeline’. Bao Truong presented the results of his research with Dr Blessmann in Vietnam with the title ‘Distribution of the Medically Important Snakes and the Availability of Antivenom in Vietnam: A Hospital-based Study’. During their visit, they also explored the rich herpetofauna of Borneo on a herping tour, observing snakes and other reptiles and amphibians in their natural habitats.

Later in August, from the 20^th to the 22^nd, our post-docs, Dr Jade Rae and Dr Paul Rahden, attended the Oxford Venom and Toxins Conference 2024. Jade gave a presentation on European viper bites in Germany, describing the yet-to-be-published epidemiological analysis of data collected from poison centres across Germany. Our team also enjoyed the insights in the development of new therapeutic approaches and clinical experiences from South America, Asia and Africa. Results of a scoping review with contributions of Dr Benno Kreuels were presented highlighting challenges of point of care coagulation testing in snakebite envenoming. 

Further presentations of recent results from our research group will be presented at the annual meeting of the DGHT in Bonn and at the conference of Tropical Medicine and Global Health in Düsseldorf. Watch out for more!

Communication on neglected diseases, such as snakebite envenoming, is important to raise awareness of the dangers and preventative measures. By educating the public about snakebites, lives can be saved and misconceptions corrected. In addition, such media work helps medical professionals to spread best treatment practices.

Between May and July, our group at BNITM focused on public outreach in addition to our usual activities. On 30^th of May, our group leader Dr Benno Kreuels gave a webcast lecture on snakebite envenoming at the University Hospital of Leipzig (UKL). He talked about the general problem and extent of snakebite envenoming, the prevalence, the different clinical symptoms, the production of antivenom and problems with antivenom distribution and application, as well as previous studies by the working group. You can watch the webcast in German here. 

On 7^th of June, Dr Benno Kreuels was invited to talk about snakebites at the Symposium for International Health held at the German Federal Foreign Ministry in Berlin. On 20^th of June, Dr Jörg Blessmann held a lecture on the general topic of snakebite envenoming at the specialist toxicologists training course organised by the German Society of Toxicology in Berlin. On 21st of June, the BUKO-Pharma podcast “NT-wie?” on snakebite envenoming was published which featured the group's PhD candidate Moses Aron. You can listen to the episode in German here. On the 4^th of July, Dr Benno Kreuels was also invited to the German podcast “Infektiopod” to talk about snakebite envenoming. Similar to the webcast, in the podcast he talked about why snakebite envenoming is an important disease, what clinical syndromes can develop from snakebites, how antivenoms are produced, when antivenoms should be administered and the lack of data on the epidemiology of snakebite envenoming. The podcast is supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and is available on Spotify, Apple Podcasts. You can also find the episode here.

On the 8^th of July, Dr Benno Kreuels held an online lecture at the German Society for Tropical Medicine about venomous and poisonous animals. Next to snakebite envenoming, he touched upon the issue of envenomation by spiders, scorpions and marine life. 

Collaboration between different countries and institutions is crucial to achieving the WHO's goals for reducing the burden caused by snakebite envenoming by 2030. Only through united efforts and by sharing effective solutions can we effectively combat the devastating impacts of snakebite envenoming worldwide.

On 30th of May, our PhD candidate, Moses Aron, visited the Kenya Snakebite Research and Intervention Centre (K-SRIC) at the Institute of Primate Research (IPR). The centre is dedicated to the collection and research of venomous snakes and the development of antivenoms and preventative measures. On his tour of the snake farm, he was greeted by an impressive collection of venomous snakes from all over Kenya. This variety of snake species is used to conduct vital research and develop antivenoms. The centre responds to reports of snakes being found by sending a specialised team to safely collect the animals. Cooperation with the relevant ministries is crucial for supporting this important work. During Moses’ visit, he learnt how such a model could also work in Malawi. Another important aspect of K-SRIC's work is prevention work in the communities. Customised and culturally sensitive messages are used to raise awareness of snakebites and first aid measures are taught. These preventative approaches are crucial to reducing the number and severity of snakebites. Cooperation between the scientific institutions and the local communities ensures that the measures developed are effective and sustainable. Overall, Moses found his visit to K-SRIC extremely informative and inspiring. The possibility of setting up such a facility in the future in Malawi seems promising, especially if some of K-SRIC's proven strategies can be implemented. 

Effective training gives healthcare workers the necessary knowledge and skills to properly diagnose, treat, and care for snakebite victims, especially in areas where snakebites are common. In addition to having antivenom available, having well-trained medical staff is vital for providing quick, life-saving treatments. This saves lives and reduces the long-term health effects of snakebites.

Following the success of the first training in Lam Dong, the comprehensive one-day training programme on “Clinical Management of Snakebite Envenoming” has extended its reach to three more provinces in Vietnam, namely Dong Nai, Thua Thien Hue, and Dien Bien. These events, organised by the Institute for Community Health Research (ICHR), Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), featured Dr Nguyen Thi Thuy Ngan from Cho Ray Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City.
Over two months, three trainings were conducted: On 28th of March 2024, the training in Dong Nai saw participation from 39 doctors and nurses across five provinces: Dong Nai, Dak Nong, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Tay Ninh, and Binh Phuoc. This training received support from the Dong Nai Center for Disease Control (CDC Dong Nai). On 22nd of May 2024, the training in Hue had 31 doctors and nurses from Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Phu Yen and Binh Dinh provinces. On 28th of May 2024, the training in Dien Bien attracted 28 participants from Lai Chau, Son La, Ha Giang, Yen Bai and Dien Bien provinces. The training received support from Dien Bien Provincial Hospital.
The participants in all training were assessed by the pre- and post-tests on knowledge of snakebite management. These trainings underscored the importance of well-trained medical personnel in saving lives and minimising long-term health consequences from snakebites, alongside the crucial role of antivenom availability. Besides, each training focused on and covered different geographical regions of Vietnam, which also shared different medically important venomous species of Vietnam.

These trainings are part of the grant “Towards better health care for snakebite envenoming in Vietnam” which is funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS). More information can be found on the EKFS website: https://www.ekfs.de/en/humanitarian-funding/currently-funded-projects/verbesserung-der-gesundheitsversorgung-von 
 

Snakebite envenoming is a major health threat worldwide. Dealing with such cases requires a thorough understanding and rapid intervention. By providing essential knowledge to medical staff, the aim is to improve clinical treatment, mitigate the long-term health consequences and ultimately protect the lives of communities affected by snakebites. 

On the 5th to 8th of March, the Snakebite Envenoming Working Group organised the first training on the clinical management of snakebites for the medical staff from different hospitals in Mwanza and Neno, Malawi, together with Partners in Health, the hospital directors and Reptile Education and Conservation Africa (RECA). The trainings were part of the hospital partnership* with Neno District Hospital. 

The training took place over four days: twice in Neno with participants from the Neno District Hospital, the Lisungwi Community Hospital and the Zalewa Health Centre, twice in Mwanza with participants from the Mwanza District Hospital, the Mwanza District Health Office and the Thambani Health Centre, to involve as many participants as possible, and was met with great interest with a total of 130 participants. Participants heard from external expert speakers such as Tim Brammer and Joseph Tepani from RECA, as well as internal experts Moses Aron, Dr. Paul Rahden and Dr Benno Kreuels. During the training, participants learned about the relevant venomous snakes in Malawi and how to identify them, their venoms and syndromes, first aid and supportive treatment, specific treatments such as antivenom, indication, dosage, side effects, treatment monitoring as well as community engagement and prevention.

During the training, participants also shared their own experiences. Our team learned a lot from the experiences of the participants and the hospital management, e.g. about the syndromes patients present with and the challenges healthcare staff face when dealing with snakebites. These insights will be incorporated into the further course of the hospital partnership.   

* The Hospital Partnership is a funded project of the Hospital Partnerships funding programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The programme is commissioned and funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS) co-finances the funding programme on a part-financed basis. Homepage: https://hospitalpartnerships.org/ 

We are delighted to introduce our newest team members, Jade Rae and Paul Rahden. Both are starting as post-docs in our working group and will help supervise our projects and students.

Jade already started on 1 December 2023 and is an epidemiologist from Australia. During her PhD, she was based on the Thai-Myanmar border, where she investigated how malaria surveillance and response methods can be optimised to accelerate elimination efforts in the region. We are already experiencing the positive impact she has on our existing projects and team with her impressive skills, and are looking forward to the new ideas and projects she will bring to the table.

Paul started on 1 February 2024 and is a medical doctor from Hamburg. He adds experiences from clinical work in low-income settings including work with point-of-care ultrasound, which he recently gained at the Edward-Francis-Small Teaching Hospital in The Gambia. We are sure that Paul will be a fantastic addition to the team. 

We are delighted to have Jade and Paul as part of our team and are excited to see all they will contribute to our team.

A pillar to reach the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) goals on snakebite envenoming is strong partnerships, coordination and resources. The strategic use of partnerships is an opportunity to pool collective knowledge, resources and innovation to facilitate the development of comprehensive strategies to contribute to the WHO’s goals of halving snakebite-related deaths and disabilities by 2030.

Our group leaders Dr Jörg Blessmann and Dr Benno Kreuels kicked off 2024 with a visit to further strengthen partnerships in Vietnam and Laos to promote collaboration on snakebite envenoming research. During the visit in Hue, Vietnam, they met Dr. Dang Thi Anh Thu, Director of the Institute for Community Health Research, to discuss possible further cooperation and the acceptance of Dr. Truong Quy Quoc Bao into the PhD programme at Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM) and the Medical University in Hamburg. Dr Kreuels gave a presentation about the BNITM, giving an overview of its history and notable milestones. The question of whether the term "tropical medicine" is still appropriate was discussed, as well as the establishment of the new department for implementation research at the BNITM and a short introduction to the research group snakebite envenoming. The audience was composed of students and lecturers from the Institute for Community Health Research and the Faculty of Public Health.

In Lao PDR, they met with Dr Ying-Ru Jacqueline Lo, the WHO representative in Lao PDR, an infectiologist from Hamburg who worked at BNITM for many years before she started at WHO in 1998. The discussions centred on urgent health issues, in particular the problem of snakebites, the availability of antivenom in Lao PDR and how to improve the supply. At the Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU) in Vientiane, they met Professor Elizabeth Ashley (Director of LOMWRU) and Dr. Manivanh Vongsouvath (Director of the Microbiology Laboratory) to discuss a possible collaboration in the field of infections after snakebites. A visit to Setthatirath Hospital, which has been a partner since 2017, was on the agenda on 25 January. The discussions at the hospital covered topics for further collaboration in clinical toxinology and included the handover of the 960-page book "The Snakes of Laos” edited by Alexandre Teynié, Patrick David and Gernot Vogel. The trip ended with a visit to the Pasteur Institute in Vientiane, where they met with the Director Dr. Philippe Buchy. Dr. Blessmann gave a lecture on management of snakebite envenoming in Lao PDR for interested staff of the Institute who are at risk for snakebite while working in the field.
 

Snakebite envenoming poses a significant health threat worldwide. Dealing with these cases requires precise knowledge and swift action. By equipping medical staff with essential skills, the aim is to improve clinical management, reduce long-term health consequences and save lives in communities affected by snakebites.

On the 7th and 8th of November, the Snakebite Envenoming Working Group organised the first training on the clinical management of snakebites for the medical staff of two hospitals in Wa, Ghana, together with the Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research Group at the Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research. The training for staff from the Upper West Regional Hospital and the Municipal Hospital in Wa is part of the Hospital Partnership*.

The training took place twice to involve as many participants as possible and was met with great interest with a total of 100 participants. Participants heard from external expert speakers such as Prof Abdulrazaq G. Habib, Bayero University, and local expert Dr Steve Blankson, as well as internal experts Melvin Agbogbatey and Dr Benno Kreuels.

During the training, participants were also able to share their own experiences and name their biggest challenges when dealing with snakebite patients. Most participants identified the availability of antivenom and the delayed presentation of patients at the hospital as the two biggest problems. Following the roll-out of a clinical database in both hospitals to assess the snakebite patients being treated there, further customised training will be provided.

* The Hospital Partnership is a funded project of the Hospital Partnerships funding programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The programme is commissioned and funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS) co-finances the funding programme on a part-financed basis. Homepage: https://hospitalpartnerships.org/

Snakebite envenoming is a highly neglected disease that disproportionately affects poor populations. It is the deadliest of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and is resulting in more than 400,000 permanent disabilities annually. Given the complex nature of snakebites, which affect multiple domains of health, ecology and society, a comprehensive One Health approach is essential to address this widespread problem and achieve the World Health Organization's ambitious goal of reducing death and disability caused by snakebites by 50% by 2030.

From 25^th to 29^th of September, the Snakebite Envenoming Working Group organised a hybrid interdisciplinary summer school on snakebite envenoming together with Dr Ulrich Kuch, Goethe University, and Dr Maik Damm. This summer school was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the German Alliance for Global Health Research (GLOHRA).

The 112 participants who took part online or in person were taught by over 25 expert lecturers from around the globe. Their subjects covered ranged from biology and venom analysis to clinical management, best practices from various countries, social sciences, public policy, and a myriad of other topics. Additionally, more than 30 participants had the opportunity to showcase their ongoing, planned, or completed projects and receive valuable feedback from their peers.

Positive and constructive feedback was received from both participants and lecturers, and interest in attending similar events in the future was expressed by many. Particular praise was given to the highly regarded interdisciplinary approach, the well-structured format that seamlessly integrates the different components and the outstanding expertise of the speakers.

More information can be found in the report available on GLOHRA’s website: https://globalhealth.de/news/view/interdisciplinary-summer-school-on-snakebite-envenoming.html

We are thrilled to introduce our latest addition to the team, Grace Katha. Grace will start her PhD at Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) in Blantyre, Malawi, and will be involved in the ongoing POCUS project and research.

Grace is a doctor at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, in the Adult Emergency Department and has also been working as a clinical lecturer at the Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS). She is dedicated to improving emergency care in Malawi and beyond and believes that Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) is a valuable tool for achieving this goal.

Her PhD objective is to create a strong plan with effective strategies for using POCUS in secondary healthcare in Malawi. This plan will help POCUS go from a promising technology to a powerful tool that improves patient care, guides clinical practice, and influences healthcare policies.

We’re very happy to have Grace join our team! Her expertise and enthusiasm are a fantastic addition, and we’re excited to see the positive impact she will bring to our work and the project.

This PhD is financed through the grant “Taking Point-Of-Care Ultrasound to the District in Malawi” which is funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS). More information about the project can be found on the EKFS website: https://ekfs.de/humanitaere-foerderung/aktuelle-foerderungen/taking-point-care-ultrasound-pocus-district

Effective training ensures that medical professionals have the necessary knowledge and skills to correctly diagnose, treat and care for snakebite patients, especially in regions where snakebites are common. Apart from the availability of antivenom, well-trained medical personnel are the critical link for the timely provision of life-saving interventions to people in need, which ultimately save lives and minimise the long-term health consequences of snakebites.

On 30^th of August 2023, 40 medical professionals comprising doctors and nurses hailing from five different provinces (namely Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan, and Binh Thuan) converged in Da Lat, Lam Dong Province, South Vietnam. The purpose of this gathering? A comprehensive one-day training programme focused on the critical subject of snakebite envenoming. This event was jointly organised by the Institute for Community Health Research (ICHR), Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM).

For this first training, the organisers managed to secure the expertise of Dr. Nguyen Thi Thuy Ngan, an expert in the clinical management of snakebite envenoming from Cho Ray Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City. With Dr. Nguyen Thi Thuy Ngan at the helm, the training programme proved to be an invaluable resource for these medical practitioners. The training event included five insightful lectures covering the characteristics of venomous snakes found in Vietnam, assessment of patients, treatment of envenoming, possible side effects of administering antivenom and the occurrence and treatment of infections following snakebites.

Another interesting element of the training programme was that representatives from each of the five provinces shared their particular experiences and highlighted the specific challenges they face in treating snakebite patients in their respective regions. This open exchange of knowledge and experience not only enriched the training but also fostered a spirit of cooperation among the health professionals.

These trainings are part of the grant “Towards better health care for snakebite envenoming in Vietnam” which is funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS). More information can be found on the EKFS website: https://www.ekfs.de/en/humanitarian-funding/currently-funded-projects/verbesserung-der-gesundheitsversorgung-von

Unlike complex imaging technologies, ultrasound's simplicity allows for widespread clinical evaluation, providing vital diagnostics and patient care in financially challenged rural areas. Point-of-care Ultrasound (POCUS) offers an easy-to-learn, cost-effective method for rapid diagnosis, making it a pivotal tool for enhancing medical care in underserved populations, and addressing conditions from (non-)infectious diseases to emergencies.

In August 2023, the Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) and the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM) jointly organised two point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) training courses. Both courses were organized and run by Dr. Tamara Phiri, KUHeS, and Dr. Benno Kreuels, BNITM.

The first course included selected, excellent participants of previous “POCUS Beginner Courses” who use POCUS regularly in their daily practice and focused on building local faculty for future courses. All successful graduates of this course then acted as trainers on a course for beginners in the following week. In this course 13 participants from different departments at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, District Hospitals in Mwanza and Neno, as well as from a primary health care center in Ndirande learned basic POCUS skills including relevant protocols such as FAST, FASH and CURLS.

Participants provided invaluable feedback that shed light on the impact and effectiveness of the trainings. One recurring theme in the feedback was how their practice will improve as a result of the course, as one student stated: “This training course has been of great help and essence to my practice in future as a medical doctor. It will definitely enable prompt diagnosis of certain conditions and expedite treatment.” One participant even said: "One of the best and most useful courses I’ve ever attended". Another student advised: "I think this should be integrated into routine medical practice. All doctors should do this training as part of their internship."

These trainings are part of the grant “Taking Point-Of-Care Ultrasound to the District in Malawi” which is funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS). More information can be found on the EKFS website: https://ekfs.de/humanitaere-foerderung/aktuelle-foerderungen/taking-point-care-ultrasound-pocus-district

Ensuring safe and effective treatment for snakebite envenoming is an important pillar to achieving the WHO goal of reducing mortality and morbidity of snakebite patients. Besides the availability of antivenom, training of health care workers is an important part.

After the previous trainings in the capital Vientiane, in Champassak in the south and Luang Prabang in the north, two more trainings were conducted in July 2023. The trainings were organised by Dr. Sulaphab Hanlodsomphou, Ms. Thipmalakham Sythala, Dr. Khamlab Senbounsou, Dr. Bounlom Santiskou and Dr. Jörg Blessmann within the Hospital Partnership programme*.

One training took place in the southern province of Savannakhet, where teams from three provincial hospitals (Khammouane, Bolikhamxay and Savannakhet) and one district hospital (Khamkeut district in Bolikhamxay province) participated. Another training session was also held in the northern province of Oudomxay, where teams from four provincial hospitals (Bokeo, Luang Namtha, Oudomxay, Phongsaly) shared knowledge and improved their skills. A total of 38 participants attended the trainings.

During these sessions, the participating teams provided in-depth insights into the existing snakebite envenoming landscape in their hospitals, namely the availability of antivenin, the number of patients and the existing challenges.

* The Hospital Partnership is a funded project of the Hospital Partnerships funding programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The programme is commissioned and funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS) co-finances the funding programme on a part-financed basis. Homepage: https://hospitalpartnerships.org/

In many countries, the available and marketed antivenom has not been clinically tested locally and may therefore not be suitable for effective treatment. In addition, there is often a shortage of suitable antivenoms, which is why the use of the drug should be linked to clear indications. Clinical data on snakebite patients can help inform and improve treatment decisions and provide valuable data on the efficacy of antivenoms.

In March and April 2023, part of the Snakebite Envenoming research group visited partners in Malawi and Ghana to launch new hospital partnerships*. Both partnerships address the clinical management of snakebite envenoming, which includes training clinicians, adapting guidelines and establishing a clinical database.

The hospital partnership in Neno, Malawi, is with Neno District Hospital and is supported by Partners in Health (PIH). During visits to the partner sites in Neno District Hospital and Lisungwi Community Hospital, important contacts with the local medical staff were established and intensified. Discussions took place about the concrete work processes for snakebite envenoming and the experiences, but also the difficulties that arise.

In Ghana, the hospital partnership is with the Upper West Regional Hospital (UWRH) in Wa, but doctors and patients from Wa Municipality Hospital are also involved. The partner hospitals in Wa see many cases of patients with snakebite envenoming. Here, the team of the BNITM and the cooperating Ghanaian research institution, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR), were able to directly observe the care of numerous snakebite victims. These patients often have blood coagulation disorders, some of which are life-threatening, for example after being bitten by the very common saw-scaled viper (Echis ocellatus) or other snakes such as the puff adder (Bitis arietans).

* The Hospital Partnership is a funded project of the Hospital Partnerships funding programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The programme is commissioned and funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS) co-finances the funding programme on a part-financed basis. Homepage: https://hospitalpartnerships.org/

On 2^nd of March 2023, 20 participants attended a training on snakebite management at Setthatirath Hospital, in Vientiane, Lao PDR. The training was organised by Dr. Vangnakhone Dittaphong (Director) and Ms. Thipmalakham Sythala (Head of General Affairs and Planning Department) of Setthatirath Hospital in Vientiane and Dr. Jörg Blessmann (Research Group Leader Snakebite Envenoming) from Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM) in Hamburg within the Hospital partnership programme*.

The training consisted of six different thematic blocks: 1) medically relevant venomous snakes, their venom effects and distribution in Lao PDR, 2) patient assessment and monitoring after venomous snakebites, 3) treatment of snakebite envenoming, 4) side effects of antivenom and their treatment, 5) infection after snakebite, and 6) case reports of patients with snakebite envenoming.

* The Hospital Partnership is a funded project of the Hospital Partnerships funding programme of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The programme is commissioned and funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (EKFS) co-finances the funding programme on a part-financed basis. Homepage: https://hospitalpartnerships.org/